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Antonietta Raphael
Antonietta Raphaël (1895 – 5 September 1975) was an Italian sculptor and painter of Jewish heritage and Lithuanian birth, who founded the ''Scuola Romana (Roman School)'' movement together with her husband Mario Mafai.〔Cf. Enzo Siciliano, ''Il risveglio della bionda sirena. Raphaël e Mafai. Storia di un amore coniugale'', 2005. See also references and bibliography in Scuola Romana.〕 She was an artist characterised by a profound anti-academic conviction, also affirmed by her sculptures which, especially after World War II, dominated her output. They highlighted the tender and vibrant carnality present in stone, with works such as ''Miriam dormiente (Sleeping Miriam)'' and ''Nemesis''.
== Biography ==
A rabbi's daughter, Raphael moved to London with her mother after her father's death. There she attended the British Museum, and came to know Jacob Epstein and Ossip Zadkine,〔(Civic Museum of Fine Art - "La Collezione" ) of the City of Lugano. Accessed 14 August 2008〕 the renowned French sculptor of Russian origin and member of the Expressionist movement. However, Antonietta in those days concentrated on studying music, and eventually graduated in piano at the Royal Academy of Music and teaching ''solfeggio'' in the East End.
At her mother's death in 1919, she moved to Paris and in 1924 to Rome. In 1925 Antonietta attended the Accademia di Belle Arti, befriended artist Mario Mafai and went to live with him, in a long-lasting relationship. They had three daughters: Miriam (1926), a journalist, partner of Communist politician Giancarlo Pajetta; Simona (1928) member of the Italian Senate and author; and Giulia (1930), a scenographer and costume designer.
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